The North Indian kingdoms - The Rajputs:
1.The middle period or the medival period extended from the 8th-18th century.
2.The founder of pratihara dynasty was Nagabhatta-I.
3.Dharmapala founded the famous university at Vikramasila.
4.The most important ruler of Chauhan dynasty was Prithvi Chauhan.
5.The capital of paramaras was at Dhara.
6.The prathiharas were also called Gurjara Race.
7.Gopala extended his power over Magadha.
8.The Nalanda university was renovated by Dharmapala.
9.Raja Bhoja constructed a beautiful lake near Bhopal.
10.Bhaskaracharya wrote Siddhanta Shiromani,a book onAstronomy.
11.Khajuraho group of temples are Lingara temple in Bhubaneshwar,Sun temple in Konark and Dilwara temple in Mount Abu.
Note:
The kingdom of the Deccan:
1.The virupaksha temple was built on the model of Kailasanathar temple.
2.The Rashtrakuta power become invincible during the time of Dhurva.
3.Vishnu varadhana the Hoysala ruler shifted his captial from Sosavir to Dwarasamudra.
4.The kakatiya dynasty came to an end with the dead of Vinayagadeva.
5.The most distinguish Yadhava ruler wasSinghana.
6.The greatest king of early Western Chalukyas was Pulikesin II.
7.Kulothunga Chola merged the Chalukyan kingdom with the Chola empire.
8.Krishna I build the Kailasanatha temple at Ellora.
9.The descendents of the Rathors of North were Rastrakutas.
10.Ballala III was the last great ruler of Hosalaya dynasty.
11.The famous Kohinoor diamond was unearthed in Krishna river belonged to kakatiyas.
The South Indian Kingdoms:
1.The pallavas under Simha Vishnu overthrew the kalabhras and established their supremacy over Thondaimandalam.
2.Narasimhavarman I assumed the title Vatapikondan.
3.The Kallanai across the river cauvery was built by Karikala cholan.
4.Parathaka I, the son of Aditya I defeated the pandya ruler and took up the title Madurai kondan.
5.The pandya empire was called Mandalam.
6.Andal composed Thiruppavai.
7.During the period of Narasimhavarman I Hieun Tsang visited Kanchipuram.
8.Monolithic Rathas are found at Mamallapuram.
9.Kulottunga I was called sungam thavirtha cholan.
10.The chola kings were patrons of Saivism.
11.Thiruvasagam was copmposed by Manikkavasagar.
12.The paintings of Srivallabha Pandya are seen in the Sithannavasal cave temple.
The Earth - Its Structure and Tectonic Movements:
12.The Earth's movement which brings about vast change in Eath's crust is called Endogenic (or) Tectonic movement.
13.Large scale vertical upwards movement of Earth's crust is called Epirogenic movement.
14.The vertical movement leads to either uplift or subsidence of the Earth's crust along the line of weakness which are called Faults.
15.Epirogenic movements causing upliftment to form Basin or Rift valley.
16.Horizontal movement of Earth's crust are responsible for the folding and displacement of the layers of rocks are called Orogenic movement.
17.Simple folding consists of alternating up folds called Anticlines and down folds called Synclines.
18.The forces originates and acts on the surface is called Exogenic or external forces.
19.The point of origin of earthquake is called Focus.
20.The point directly above the focus on the earth surface is called Epicentre.
21.The earthquake waves are recorded by the instrument known as Seismograph.
22.Richter scale (ranges from 0 to 9) scale is used to measure the intensity of an Earthquake.
23.Two types of body waves of Earthquakes are Primary wave & Secondary wave.
Primary waves or P-waves:
25.Dormant Volcano are called sleeping volcanoes and have been active in past and may erupt in future.
26.Extinct volcano are called dead volcano and have stopped eruption now.
27.The crater of the volcano filled with water is known as Crater Lake.
Our Nation:
1.The republic is came into force on 26th january 1950 in terms of Constitution.
2.Indian constitution is the longest written constitution in the world.
3.Seven Union Territories are Andaman & Nicobar,Chandigarh,Dadra & Nagar Haveli,Daman & Diu,Delhi,Lakshadweep and Pondicherry.
President:
4.Parliament consists of two houses namely Lok sabha & Rajya sabha.
5.Lok sabha is called House of people & Lower house.
6.Rajya sabha is called council of state & upper house.
7.Lok sabha members are elected on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise.
9.The constituent assembly approved the national flag on July 22nd 1947.
10.Satyameva Jayate in Devanagari script means " Truth Alone Triumphs".
11. Our national animal is Tiger.
National Emblem:
1.The middle period or the medival period extended from the 8th-18th century.
2.The founder of pratihara dynasty was Nagabhatta-I.
3.Dharmapala founded the famous university at Vikramasila.
4.The most important ruler of Chauhan dynasty was Prithvi Chauhan.
5.The capital of paramaras was at Dhara.
6.The prathiharas were also called Gurjara Race.
7.Gopala extended his power over Magadha.
8.The Nalanda university was renovated by Dharmapala.
9.Raja Bhoja constructed a beautiful lake near Bhopal.
10.Bhaskaracharya wrote Siddhanta Shiromani,a book onAstronomy.
11.Khajuraho group of temples are Lingara temple in Bhubaneshwar,Sun temple in Konark and Dilwara temple in Mount Abu.
Note:
- Sati is the practice of widow falling on husband's funeral fire.
- Jauhar is the Mass sucide of women to escape from foreign victors.
- Nagabhatta-I is the founder of Pratiharas dynasty.
- Gopala is the founder of Palas dynasty.
- Yasovarma is the founder of Chandella dynasty.
- Bapa Rawal is the founder of Guhilas dynasty.
The kingdom of the Deccan:
1.The virupaksha temple was built on the model of Kailasanathar temple.
2.The Rashtrakuta power become invincible during the time of Dhurva.
3.Vishnu varadhana the Hoysala ruler shifted his captial from Sosavir to Dwarasamudra.
4.The kakatiya dynasty came to an end with the dead of Vinayagadeva.
5.The most distinguish Yadhava ruler wasSinghana.
6.The greatest king of early Western Chalukyas was Pulikesin II.
7.Kulothunga Chola merged the Chalukyan kingdom with the Chola empire.
8.Krishna I build the Kailasanatha temple at Ellora.
9.The descendents of the Rathors of North were Rastrakutas.
10.Ballala III was the last great ruler of Hosalaya dynasty.
11.The famous Kohinoor diamond was unearthed in Krishna river belonged to kakatiyas.
The South Indian Kingdoms:
1.The pallavas under Simha Vishnu overthrew the kalabhras and established their supremacy over Thondaimandalam.
2.Narasimhavarman I assumed the title Vatapikondan.
3.The Kallanai across the river cauvery was built by Karikala cholan.
4.Parathaka I, the son of Aditya I defeated the pandya ruler and took up the title Madurai kondan.
5.The pandya empire was called Mandalam.
6.Andal composed Thiruppavai.
7.During the period of Narasimhavarman I Hieun Tsang visited Kanchipuram.
8.Monolithic Rathas are found at Mamallapuram.
9.Kulottunga I was called sungam thavirtha cholan.
10.The chola kings were patrons of Saivism.
11.Thiruvasagam was copmposed by Manikkavasagar.
12.The paintings of Srivallabha Pandya are seen in the Sithannavasal cave temple.
The Earth - Its Structure and Tectonic Movements:
1.Egyptians visualized that Earth was a floating sphere on the sea.
2.There was a cosmic explosion called Big Bang.
3.All the present continents are clusted on south pole called Pangaea.
4.Water around Pangaea is called Panthalassa (or) Super ocean.
5.Pacific plate is the largest plate and it covers 1/5 th of the entire Earth.
6.The Himalayas is moving 5mm/year due to Indo-Australian plate's movement.
7.Indo-Australian plate is moving at the rate of 67 mm/year.
8.Suess named crust,mantle,core as SIAL,SIMA,NIFA.
9.Earth's temperature is estimated to be 500 degree celsius at the centre.
10.The normal temperature change is 1 degree celsius / 32meters.
11.Tethys sea is the shallow sea between Angara and Gondwana land.
12.Three layer on Earth are crust,mantle and core.
13.Seven major plates are Eurasia,Antartica,North America,South America,Pacific,Africa and Indo-Australian.
Crust:
- Continental Crust is called Silica & Aluminium (SIAL).
- Oceanic crust is called Silica & Magnesium (SIMA).
- SIAL(20Km depth) floats on SIMA (25 Km depth).
- The average density of crust is 3 g/cm^3.
- 83% of Earth's volume is mantle.
- It creates continental drifts.
- Beyond 900Km this layer is Homogeneous.
- Upper mantle is known as Asthenosphere(700 Km).
- Lower mantle is semisolid & plastic in nature.
- Density od this layer is 8 g/cm^3.
- It is also called as Barysphere or NIFE.
- It creates Earth's magnetic field.
- Density of this layer is is 12 g/cm^3.
12.The Earth's movement which brings about vast change in Eath's crust is called Endogenic (or) Tectonic movement.
13.Large scale vertical upwards movement of Earth's crust is called Epirogenic movement.
14.The vertical movement leads to either uplift or subsidence of the Earth's crust along the line of weakness which are called Faults.
15.Epirogenic movements causing upliftment to form Basin or Rift valley.
16.Horizontal movement of Earth's crust are responsible for the folding and displacement of the layers of rocks are called Orogenic movement.
17.Simple folding consists of alternating up folds called Anticlines and down folds called Synclines.
18.The forces originates and acts on the surface is called Exogenic or external forces.
19.The point of origin of earthquake is called Focus.
20.The point directly above the focus on the earth surface is called Epicentre.
21.The earthquake waves are recorded by the instrument known as Seismograph.
22.Richter scale (ranges from 0 to 9) scale is used to measure the intensity of an Earthquake.
23.Two types of body waves of Earthquakes are Primary wave & Secondary wave.
Primary waves or P-waves:
- They are the first to be recorded on seismograph
- Travels through solid,liquid and gas like sound waves
- Travels at the speed of 8 Km/ Sec.
- It is Slower than P-waves.
- It Travels through Solids.
- It Travels at the speed of 5 Km/Sec.
- It is the last wave to be recorded on seismograph.
- It is also called L-Waves.
- It Travels at the speed of 4 Km/Sec.
25.Dormant Volcano are called sleeping volcanoes and have been active in past and may erupt in future.
26.Extinct volcano are called dead volcano and have stopped eruption now.
27.The crater of the volcano filled with water is known as Crater Lake.
Our Nation:
1.The republic is came into force on 26th january 1950 in terms of Constitution.
2.Indian constitution is the longest written constitution in the world.
3.Seven Union Territories are Andaman & Nicobar,Chandigarh,Dadra & Nagar Haveli,Daman & Diu,Delhi,Lakshadweep and Pondicherry.
President:
- Presiden is the head of Indian Union.
- He is the first citizen of India.
- He should be the citizen of India and age greater than 35.
- He is the nominal head of the nation.
- Almost all higher authorities are appointed by President.
- He is the real head of the government.
- Leader of the majority party in Lok sabha is elected as Prime Minister by president.
- Council of ministers are appointed by president on the advice of Prime Minister.
4.Parliament consists of two houses namely Lok sabha & Rajya sabha.
5.Lok sabha is called House of people & Lower house.
6.Rajya sabha is called council of state & upper house.
7.Lok sabha members are elected on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise.
8.All independent nations have unique identity which are popularly called National symbol.
10.Satyameva Jayate in Devanagari script means " Truth Alone Triumphs".
11. Our national animal is Tiger.
12.Our national bird is peacock.
13.Our national flower is Lotus.
14.Our national tree is Banyan.
Lok sabha:
Lok sabha:
- The members are elected Directly by the people.
- There are currently 545members & two Anglo-Indians.
- The members are elected Indirectly.
- Totally there are 250 members.
- In that 238 are elected Indirectly.
- 12 members are elected by president in various fields.
- The ratio of length:Breadth is 3:2.
- Saffron colour represents Courage & Sacrifice.
- White colour represents Truth.
- Green Colour represents Prosperity.
- Navy blue Chakra indicates that we are Moving along dharma(Taken from Sarnath pillar and have 24 spokes).
- All colour in the flag are of same proportion.
National Anthem:
- Original song is in Bengali has 5 stanza and only the 1st stanza is selected as national anthem.
- The constituent assembly approved the national anthem in January 24,1950.
- Singing time is 52 seconds.
National Emblem:
- National emblem is adopted by Government of India in 26th January 1950.
- Lion represents Power & Majestic.
- Horse represents Energy & Speed.
- Bull represents Hardwork & Steadiness.
- Chakra represents Righteousness & Dharma.
- Vande-Matram in sanskrit is written by Bankin Chandra Chatterjee.
- It was first published in "Anand Matt"in 1882.
- It was first sung by Rabindranath Tagore in 1896 Calcutta session.
Governor:
- Appointed by President for Five year.
- Constitutional Head of State.
- Leader of majority party of state assembly is appointed as CM by Governor.
- Council of Ministers are appointed by Governor with the help of CM.
- It is the independent Organ of India.
- There are 31 Judges in supreme Court including Chief Justice.
- There are 21 High court in India out of which 3 of them are common for two or more states.
Indian Constitution:
Cabinet Mission of 1946 has recommended new constitution.
Constituent Assembly:
Constituent Assembly:
- It's first session - 9th December 1946 under Dr.Sinha.
- Second President of constituent assembly was Dr.Rajendra Prasad.
- It is under Dr.Ambedkar.
- It was constituted on 29th August 1947.
- Final session of constitution assembly was held on 24th January 1950.
- Constituent assembly took 2 years 11 month & 18 days to complete the task.
- It held 11 plenary sessions for 114 days.
- It contains 22 parts 449 Articles & 12 Schedules.
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